Florida

Bush, Gore, and the battle for the White House: The election that redefined American politics

2023-11-06

The 2000 election saw Democrat Al Gore and Republican George W. Bush tie for the presidency, but weeks later, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to break the deadlock following a legal battle.

Presidential elections are often underwhelming, and the decisions and collective will of voters are rarely challenged. However, at the turn of the millennium, that all changed. Marked by recounts, legal skirmishes, and hanging chads, the fight over who won the 2000 presidential election eventually found its way to the U.S. Supreme Court. The court’s ruling not only decided the winner but also set a precedent for the constitutional interpretation of voting rights.

Just as the 1980s were considered the Reagan era, it is possible to consider the 1990s the Clinton era. In 1992, the year before Clinton took office, the federal budget deficit was approximately $290 billion. By the end of Clinton's second term, the United States had not only eliminated the deficit but was also running a surplus.

Under Clinton, the U.S. economy grew, averaging about 3.8% per year, one of the longest peacetime economic expansions in American history. Unemployment was down, dropping from 7.3% in 1993 to 4.3% in 2000. 22 million jobs were created, the most under a single administration.

In 2000, Vice President Al Gore was the Democratic presidential candidate. And as part of Clinton’s successful administration, naturally, most analysts assumed that he would ride that wave to victory and win by a landslide. However, when voting ended on November 7, that wasn’t the case.

By the time the 105 million votes were almost finished counting later that night, Gore was projected slightly ahead with 543,895 more popular votes. In all accounts, it was a statistical tie, with each candidate receiving 50%. Nonetheless, it was Bush who won the Electoral College vote, winning Florida and pushing him ahead of Gore. However, the margin of victory in Florida was even slimmer. So Gore challenged the results in court.

Bush had won by just over 500 votes out of nearly six million cast.

On November 26, 2000, Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris certified that Bush had won the election by a 537-vote margin. Gore then sued Harris because all of the recounts had not been completed when she certified the results. Constitutioncenter.org

Still, it was too slim of a margin for Gore to take at face value, prompting him to challenge the results, and the Florida court ordered a recount.

On December 8, 2000, the Florida Supreme Court sided with Gore, ordering that all statewide “undervote” ballots, or punch-card ballots that had been cast but not registered because of a problem called a “hanging chad,” needed to be recounted. Constitutioncenter.org

During the lengthy recounting process, countersuits were filed until the case finally found its way to the Supreme Court.

Bush immediately appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which ordered the recount halted on December 9, 2000 until it could hear arguments in the case. Constitutioncenter.org

A few days later on December 12, 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that Bush would be awarded Florida's 25 electoral votes. The court’s decision was a 5-4 majority vote. And its decision was based on how the ballot was being recounted, claiming it was inconsistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Supreme Court awarded Florida's critical electoral votes to Bush. The Court ruled that the lack of uniform standards for the recount violated equal treatment under the law.

With the federal deadline to finalize electoral results coming up, the Court found that there was too little time left to conduct a new, constitutionally valid recount. This decision upheld the previously certified results showing George W. Bush ahead in Florida by 537 votes, giving him the state's electoral votes.

This decision effectively made Bush the winner of the election, as he ended up with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266. Many Democrats were outraged by the Supreme Court’s decision because they felt that Gore was robbed of victory due to irregularities in the voting process in Florida. Republicans, on the other hand, praised the decision as being fair and impartial.

It was a political disaster for Gore—he went from being on track to win outright to losing the Electoral College despite receiving slightly more total votes than his opponent.

The U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution: citizens have no federally constitutional right to vote for the president or a member of their state's electoral college.

The election of 2000 was one of the closest in American history, and it came down to just a few hundred votes in Florida. In any close election, there will always be questions about what could have been done differently, but ultimately Gore conceded and Bush became president.

For Gore and everyone who voted for him, November 7th will forever be remembered. He won the popular vote by over half a million votes but lost the Electoral College vote by just five hundred.

Gore has said that he doesn't dwell on what could have been; instead, he focuses on his work with environmental causes through his organization, The Climate Reality Project. But it's clear that those events from 2000 still haunt him today.


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